Quasi Turbine Essay Example for Free

Quasi Turbine Essay 1.INTRODUCTION Quasi turbine is a zero vibration continuous combustion rotary engine having four faces articulated rotor with a free and accessible centre rotating without vibration nor dead time and producing a strong torque at low rpm under a variety of modes and fuels. The quasi turbine is also an optimization theory for extremely compact efficient engine concept. It is a new engine concept from Canada which offers a design similar to that of rotary engines but with the advantages of a gas turbine-all within the confines of a chamber based on the shape of a Saint Hilaire skating rink profile. Each Quasi turbine device is at the cross road of three modern engines: inspired by the turbines: it perfects the piston, and improves on the Wankel. The Quasi turbine results from a research initiated in 1993 aimed at unifying the compression and power turbine into one entity. This invention is a new hybrid engine concept, midway between the piston and the turbine engine which requires relatively few components such as stator with covers, rotating blades, rocking carriages, wheels, and joints. Quasi turbine is also an environmental friendly engine, which provides an engine concept free from atmospheric gas pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution etc. In this engine efficiency stays constant and optimum no matter the power of the unit. Inventors: – Francoise, Gilles, Roxan 2.OBJECTIVES Objective of this invention is to provide a new engine concept unifying the compressor and power turbine into one entity that is a conventional gas turbine engine. Another object of this invention is to provide a low noise, perfectly balanced, zero vibration, low r.p.m engine, giving less time to compression and expansion stroke and allowing more time and volume to the intake combustion stroke. A further objective of this invention is to provide a fast accelerating, zero dead time and to provide an engine almost universal to energy sources, which can run efficiently on pneumatic, steam, hydraulic, liquid and gas fuel internal combustion. Another objective is to provide an engine, which has a short pressure peak, cold intake area characteristics, so that it is suitable for photo detonation mode pure hydrogen fuel combustion. Another objective is to provide a high weight and volume density engine, without need of any valve, check valve or obstruction and within neither a crankshaft nor a flywheel. 3. CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS [pic] The invention is an assembly of four carriages supporting the pivots of a four element, variable shape rotor, which is confined within a chamber (internal housing counter wall-stator) based on the shape of a Saint Hilaire skating rink profile. This profile offers the rotary components of the engine a bigger, more uniform radial path, enabling maximum torque to be reached more efficiently than a normal combustion. Two lateral plane covers close the engine end. The rotor is composed of four pivoting blades playing a similar role as the piston or turbine blades. Each pivots sit into one of the four rocking carriages. Each carriage is free to rotate around the same pivot in such a way as to be continuously and precisely in contact with housing counter. A central shaft is not needed for the engine to operate. It can be driven through a set of coupling arms attached to the blades by means of traction slots and through a set of arm braces, the ends of which are linked to central shaft . The central shaft unit can be easily removed through the back cover central hold with out dismantling the engine. Pivoting blades are shaped with the filler tip to allow the control of residual volume in the upper and lower chambers at maximum pressure configuration. Carriage wheels should be wide to reduce contact pressure with the counter wall. For smoother operation, roller bearings are inserted in the blade’s hook pivots. Intake, spark plug and exhaust ports are made either radially in the housing, or axial in the side covers, or both. In order to pass along the flame make a continuous combustion engine, a small channel(ignition flame transfer slot) located along the internal housing counter wall next to spark plug allows a voluntary flow back of hot gases into the next ready-to-fire combustion chamber. Screwing or unscrewing the spark plug can control the amount of flow. This channel is called ignition transfer cavity. An ignition-timing advance can be built-in by slightly shifting the effective position of spark plug and / or the channel. To help cooling and reduce lubrication, at least one of the lateral side covers has a large central hole exposing the pivoting blades to central area of the rotor such that all parts of engine are external, except for the carriage and wheels which are always in good thermal contact with the housing contour. Since the seals are the only friction surfaces, the need of lubrication is minimized by an optimal choice of anti-friction materials. The housing, the pivoting blades and the carriages can be made of metal, glass, ceramic or plastic, the later mostly for compressor, pump or water-hydraulic engine application. In a photo-detonation engine because it employs a homogenous charge and compression ignition, it is often described as a HCCI engine . HCCI (Homogeneous charge Compression Ignition) combustion results in Virtually no emissions and superior fuel efficiency. This is because photo detonating engines completely combust the fuel, leaving behind no hydrocarbons to be treated by a catalytic converter or simply expelled into the air. The higher pressure required for Photo-detonation puts a significant amount of stress on the engine itself. Piston engines can’t withstand the violent force of the detonation. And traditional rotary engines such as the Wankel, which have longer combustion chambers that limit the amount of compression they can achieve, are incapable of producing the high- pressure environment necessary for Photo detonation to occur. The Quasi turbine with carriages is strong enough and compact enough to with stand the force of Photo-detonation and allow for the higher compression ratio necessary for pressure heated self-ignition [pic] QUASI TURBINE SPECIFICATION |SHAFT POWER |ROTOR DIAMETER |ROTOR THICK | | 70 HP | 10cm | 5cm | | 530 HP | 25cm | 10cm | | 4000 HP | 53cm | 20cm | | 33000 HP | 1m | 16inch | | 260000 HP | 2m | 82cm | 4. THE WORKING OF A SIMPLE QUASI TURBINE [pic] The simpler Quasi turbine model looks very much like a traditional rotary engine: A rotor turns inside a nearly oval-shaped housing, Notice, however that the Quasi turbine rotor has four elements instead of three. The sides of the rotor seal against the sides of the housing, and the corners of the rotor seal against the inner periphery, dividing it into four chambers. In a piston engine, one complete four-stroke cycle produces two complete revolutions of the cranks shaft. That means the power output of a piston engine is half a power stroke per one piston revolution. A Quasi turbine engine, on the other hand, doesn’t need pistons. Instead, the four strokes of a typical piston engine are arranged sequentially round the oval housing. There’s no need for the cranks shaft to perform the rotary conversion a in basic model, it’s very easy to see the four cycles of internal combustion. †¢ Intake , which draws in a mixture of fuel and air †¢ Compression, which squeezes the fuel air mixture into a smaller volume. †¢ Combustion , which uses a spark from a spark plug to ignite the fuel. †¢ Exhaust, which expels waste gases (the by-products) from the engine. 5. WORKING OF QUASI TURBINE WITH CARRIAGES. [pic] In a Quasi turbine, as the rotor blade turn the volume of the chambers change. First the volume increases, which allows the fuel air-mixture to expand. Then the volume increases, which allows the fuel air-mixture to expand. Then the volume decreases, which compresses the mixture into a smaller space. It is also found that when one combustion stroke is ends then the next combustion stroke is ready to fire. By making a small channel along the internal housing wall next to the spark plug, a small amount of hot gas is allowed to flow back to the next ready to for combustion chamber when each of the carriage seals passes over the channel. The result is continuous combustion, just like in the airplane gas turbine. What all this amounts to the Quasi turbine engine is increased efficiency and performance. The four chambers produce two consecutive circuits. The first circuit is used to compress and expand during combustion . The second is used to expel exhaust and intake air, kin one revolution of the rotor, for power strokes are created. That’s eight times more than a typical piston engine! Even a Wankel engine, which produces three power strokes per rotor revolution, can’t match the performance of a Quasi turbine . 6. COMPARISON BETWEEN QUASI TURBINE AND WANKEL ENGINE 1. The Wankel engine uses a rigid three-face rotor with a crankshaft. The quasi turbine uses a deformable four faces rotor without a Crankshaft. 2. The Wankel engine shaft turns at three times the rotor RPM. The quasi Turbine rotor and main shaft turns at same RPM Speed. 3. The Wankel engine fires only once per revolution The quasi turbine fires 4 times per main shaft revolution, producing Exceptional torque continuity. 4. When the Wankel engine rotor goes from one T.D.C to next, the Torque increases to a maximum value and starts decreasing right Away (progressive). The torque generated by the quasi turbine gets rapidly to a plateau, and hold this maximum for a long arc before decreasing, giving a better overall mechanical energy conversion rate. 5. The Wankel engine has a dead time. The quasi turbine strokes are consecutive with no dead time. 6. The Wankel engine can not be operated in diesel mode due to the excess expansion volume which adiabatically cools down the combustion. Quasi turbine has no excessive volume and can run in diesel Mode. 7. Due to its one single fire per shaft revolution and the dead time, the Wankel engine needs a flywheel. Quasi turbine does not need a flywheel, and consequently has faster acceleration. 8. Since the Wankel engine’s shaft rotates at three times its rotor speed, it is not suitable for low rpm compressor or pumps. But quasi turbine is suitable for this. 7.COMPARISON BETWEEN QUASI TURBINE AND CONVENTIONAL TURBINE CONVENTIONAL TURBINE The conventional turbine is a continuous flow engine at intake and exhaust. As the conventional turbine do not convert the pressure forces but rather kinetic energy of rapid flows, it is then necessary to convert the pressure forces in high speed flows by a channeling or by oriental expansion. This intermediatory conversion is particularly complex. And in this case some of energy will be lost mainly due to viscosity, turbulence, and some of thermal conduction of hot gases. The conventional turbine is generally located where the flow is fastest. Also a complete conversion of kinetic energy into mechanical energy is not occurred in a conventional turbine. In many applications one has flow velocity near the sound speed where any instability, impurity or condensate may damage the turbine. QUASI TURBINE As the conventional turbine, the quasi turbine is a continuously flow engine at intake. And exhaust Quasi Turbine, which turns under the effect of static forces and does not make use of hydro or aerodynamic flow properties. Consequently Quasi Turbine converts the potential forces directly into mechanical energy. Because the Quasi Turbine operates under the effect of static forces, it cannot be damaged by saturated steam, by small impurities in the fluid flow. 8. COMPARISON OF QUASI TURBINE AND I.C ENGINE 1. In I.C engine piston makes positive torque only 17% of the time and drag 83% of the time. This is not the case in Quasi turbine. 2. In I.C engine gas flow is not unidirectional, but changes directions with the piston direction. But in Quasi turbine it is unidirectional. 3. In I.C engine valve inertia being a serious limitation to the engine revolution. In Quasi turbine there are no valves. 4. The duration of the piston rest time at top and bottom are without necessarily too long in I.C engines. But it is not the case for Quasi turbine. 5. In I.C engine there is quite important noise level and vibration. But it is not the case for Quasi turbine. 6. In I.C engines accessories like cam shaft uses a substantial power , but in Quasi turbine there is no need of cams 7. In I.C engine lubricant is to be used as heat coolant, which require a Cumbersome oil pan. But Quasi turbine requires no lubrication. | | |Number of expansions In every two | | |Volume of each |revolutions | | |Chamber | | |Piston4 strokes |50cc |1 | |(Gasoline) | | | |Piston 2strokes |50cc |2 | |(Gasoline) | | | |Wankel 4 strokes |50cc |6 | |Qurbine 4strokes |50cc |8 | |(Gasoline) | | | | (Gasoline) Qurbine2strokes |50cc |16 | |Qurbine (steam/pneumatic) |50cc |16 | 9. QUASITURBINE FEATURES 1. Zero vibration In quasi turbine, rotor rotates with a fixed centre of gravity and the Engine is perfectly balanced so there is no chance of vibration. 2. Less noisy For comparable power, the quasi turbine is much quieter than the piston engines, since it splits each expansion into four per turn and evacuates the gases more gradually and on a greater angular displacement 3. Less pollution As the quasi turbine expansion starts quicker than in the other engines, there will be less time for the NOx formation, and less transfer of heat to the engine block. 4. Continuous Combustion with lower temperature Due to an earlier expansion than in he piston engines, initial energy is immediately transferred in to mechanical energy without awaiting the middle of the stroke as in the piston engines. This initial expansion cools immediately the combustion gases, which have less time to transfer their heat to the engine block. So continuous combustion is possible with lower temperature. 5. Better torque continuity and Acceleration The Quasi turbine has jointed torque impulses without the assistance of a flywheel. This gives a better torque continuity for quasi turbine. Flywheel is the main obstacle to engine acceleration. Since Quasi turbine has no fly wheel it gives fast acceleration. 6. More effective conversion into Mechanical energy For a better mechanical energy extraction, compression impulses should be as short as possible. The Quasi turbine has this assymmetry by compressing the mixture in a smaller angular zone and by using a greater angular displacement for the expansion. 7. Not sensitive to detonation Due to the earlier expansion process, quasi turbine reacts better to photo detonation. 8. Compatible with Hydrogen The Quasi turbine meets the fundamental criteria imposed by the Hydrogen engine of the future (that is cold intake area, low sensibility to detonation, less pollutant, robust and energy efficiency). 10. APPLICATIONS 1. Quasi turbine aviation In a propeller airplane, weight reduction allows a larger payload, space saving allows to reduce the aerodynamic drag, absence of vibration increases instruments reliability and flight comfort, the noise reduction increases the discretion level, the high torque allows the use of multi-blades propeller and the better intake characteristic of the Quasi turbine allows higher flight altitude. In a helicopter, a large diameter Quasi turbine could generate enough torque to directly drive of the rotor blades without any gearbox, while making much less noise. So Considering the high power density, the low cross section area and the exceptional intake characteristics of the Quasiturbine, it is reasonable to expect to conceive an airplane engine 2. Quasi turbine Stirling engine In the Quasi turbine Stirling, all the engine shell is pressurized with helium, so that the inter-chambers leaks are automatically recycled by the central region, and required only sealing of a turning shaft (comparatively to the sealing of the back and forth piston connecting rods, unless sealed machines, which the Quasi turbine also can be). The Stirling engines are also known to be large and heavy, which the Quasi turbine-Stirling concept should solve. 3. Quasi turbine pneumatic engine Since the Quasi turbine is a pure expansion engine (which the Wankel is not, neither most of other rotary engines), it is well suitable as compressed fluid engine Air engine or air motor. The pneumatic engine does not show any vibration on the shaft. It does run in heavy smoke or under water as well. 4. Quasi turbine racing car Formula Quasi turbine is a proposal to develop and built of a racing car using the new Quasi turbine. rotary engine. Because the Quasi turbine has a much higher specific power density than the piston engine. A single Quasi turbine. rotor of about 50cm in diameter and 20cm thickness could develop 1000 H.P. at only 3000 rpm. Absence of flywheel would allow much higher acceleration. It is proposed to have the racing car with a differential clutch coupling (no gear box at all). This would much improve the racing cars endurance. 5. Quasi turbine hydrogen engine model A good way to store Hydrogen is to link it with carbon atom. Quasi turbine prefers Hydrogen storage in Carbon molecules. This Hydrogen Carbon molecule storage technique is safe and simple and has been appreciated by humans for centuries under the name of Hydrocarbon fuels. 6. Quasi turbine pumps Quasi turbine is a very compact and light device without Power shaft, which allows to pump large volume. In the pump mode the Quasi turbine has two intakes and two exits. 11.CONCLUSION For over 50 years, researches have been dreaming about the Perfect engine, having uniform combustion, with a small combustion chamber (high compression ratio). This is what the Quasi turbine does by producing much shorter pressure pulses, and further more accepting photo-detonation. Quasi turbine eliminates all the energy wastes occurring in piston and Wankel engine and also it can satisfy modern engine criteria. The research is going on to further improve and develop this highly innovative concept and for creating commercially viable prototypes of Quasi turbine. In future we can see more developments happening in the field of quasi turbine. 12.REFERENCE 1. www.quasiturbine.com 2. www.me.berkeley.edu/cal/QT. 3. http://quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca 4. http//kairos.dsa.uqam.ca/tycoon/Quasiturbine 5. Quasiturbine: Article by Lawrence Tse.

Sigmund Freuds Representation of Three Tall Women Essay -- Freud Psyc

A Deeper Understanding of Three Tall Women According to Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a â€Å"procedure for the investigation of mental processes which are almost inaccessible in any other way† (Fodor and Gaynor 147). It becomes a deeper contrast of a person’s mentality to consider the design of â€Å"interplay† within the â€Å"urging and checking forces† of the conscious and unconscious (Fodor and Gaynor 147). Freud’s representation of â€Å"Three Tall Women,† relate the characters by the â€Å"neuroses that sometimes result from the suppression of memories and desires too painful to deal with† (Freud, â€Å"The Dependent Relationship of the Ego). While not completely opposing religion as a factor in the conscious and unconscious, Freud does claim that the â€Å"Oedipus complex is at the root of religious feeling† (Palmer 113); so the idea of religion is not based on the desire of pleasing a God with the basis of good vs. bad, but instead, according to Freud, i t is the sexual desires that come from being attached to a father figure. As characters B and C are introduced first as outside acquaintances, then as stages of character A’s past, the play is transformed into what may be perceived as Freud’s theory to the relation of the conscious and the unconscious, but could also be noted as the change a person undergoes throughout their lifetime in which religion, or the desire to maintain morality, is checked by outside influences. The interpretation, backed by Carl Jung, argues that â€Å"religion need no longer be perceived as a conglomerate of guilt ridden repressions and ritualized obsessions, but as a natural and legitimate dimension of psychic activity† (Palmer 113). When Freud’s argument is counterbalanced, it can be found that the interpretation F... ...ud may be correct on some terms, but the true unconscious desires do not come from a sexual want, but more from the want of a moral individuality, and characters C and B epitomize such a notion and deep understanding that exists in character A, but is challenged with the influence of society and the struggles of growing older. Albee, Edward. Three Tall Women. New York: Dramatists Play Service, Inc. Fodor, Nandor, ed and Gaynor, Frank, ed. Freud: Dictionary of Pychoanalysis. New York: Philosophical Library, 1950. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1930. Freud, Sigmund. â€Å"The Dependent Relationship of the Ego.† Palmer, Michael. Freud and Jung on Religion. London: Routledge, 1997. Personality Theories: Sigmund Freud. Boerce, C. George.. 25 November 2007 .

Even A Clown Can Do It: Cirque du Soleil Recreates Live Entertainment Essay

Cirque du Soleil is a Canadian entertainment company which was created in 1984 by a group of young street performers. Daniel Gauthier and Guy LaLiberte are the founding Co-Presidents of Cirque du Soleil who self-described the company as a mix of circus arts and street entertainment and reinvent the circus industry from then on. 1. What are the key factors kept by Le Cirque? Which ones are downplayed and which ones were played up? Since Le Cirque is a circus company, it kept existing traditions of the circus such as the circus arts, featuring jugglers, trampolinists, trapeze artists, teeterboard virtuosos and, of course, clowns. Soleil combined elements of dance, circus and opera to keep its artistry, but the proportion of fun and humor in the whole show was decreased. Further, due to the increase of thematic line and the lack of a ringmaster announcing the acts, the individual performers are downplayed. Each of them now acts one of the roles to develop the overall thematic element an d their names are not showed in the cast list. In other words, big name acts have no place in Cirque du Soleil. Soleil keeps tents and concessions. As a traditionally large source of circus revenues which around 20% at the Ringling Brothers& Co. shows, Soleil only gains less than 10% of revenues from it. Compare with earning some of money from selling food and toys during the performance or inside the tent, Soleil preferred the performance-centered ethic of the troupe since the performances and themes are utterly unique. Sponsorships are an important source of revenue for Soleil. Soleil can mention the sponsors in the playbill, advertising and banners around the tent. The last key factor kept by Le Cirque is retaining the show on tour. Soleil plays it up by permanently perform three shows in Las Vegas and Disney World. 2. Which factors were totally eliminated by Le Cirque and what are the operational and financial implications? Soleil changed the multiple show arenas which is known as the three-ring venues for the following reasons. In order to overcome the visual distance from the audience, the clowns paint face garishly and we ar oversized shoes which probably frightening to the small children in a closer distance. Also, this format required more performers for each venue which definitely increase the cost. The aisle concession  sales were totally eliminated for the reason I mentioned above. The most striking differences of the Cirque du Soleil from the traditional circuses are the complete absence of star performers and animal shows. The animal acts are known as the most expensive cost for a show since the animals for circuses are frequently owned by their trainers and only leased to the show. Further, there are the fee for the services of the animals and its trainer, transportation as well as training. 3. Which factors were newly created by Le Cirque, and where do you think the inspiration came from? First of all, combination of traditional circus and street entertainment are the core created by the company. Second, a thematic line and storyline are manifested throughout the show in all kinds of ways. The creative teams at Cirque du Soleil would choose a theme first and then build a show to suit. It is more like an opera in this way and provides a high quality, seamless and fulfilling entertainment experience for audience. Third, by choosing distinctive themes, the com pany can create multiple productions which can enhance the reflux rate of the audience. For example, Cirque du Soleil has the shows named Mystere, La Nouba, Dralion, ‘O’ and Quidam. Four, an artistic original music and dance with ‘magic’ lighting and timing effects bring the audience visually feelings. The inspiration comes from mixing elements from circus, opera, music, dance and theatre as well as quit some aspects from traditional circuses, Laliberte actually reconstructed elements and the form of circus to a sophisticated entertainment. By doing so, Soleil is able to sell the tickets at a higher price to all aged audience instead of discounted tickets to children. It has raising the circus to a new scale and expanded target audience. As the circus historian Fred Pfening asks, â€Å"But is it circus?†(Williamson, 2000) Laliberte, probably, want to do something utterly unique and irrelevant or rather he just hope to help young people to express the ir dreams. 4. How does Cirque du Soleil create superior profits? How does it improve industry growth and generate revenues? How does it raise profitability and reduce its cost structure? Cirque du Soleil create superior profits by reinventing the circus industry and creating an uncontested market space. More professionally, it move from red ocean strategy to blue ocean strategy. Same as the traditional circus, the great majority of revenues for Soleil are form ticket sales. However, it redefied circus industry and target audience as I mentioned above to sell  tickets higher with full face value. It actually make the competition irrelevant. By creating diversified themes and high quality performances, Soleil remains the highest seat occupancy with approximately 85%-95% in the industry. Further, from Exhibit 2 we can see the amount of attendance jumped rapidly to almost 6 million from 1990 to 2000. The themes were also increased from one to six. Soleil creates and captures the new demand of the audience. Sponsorships play a low-key but important role in Soleil’s profits. A main sponsor guarantees a gate to the circus and is able to sell the tickets independently. Besides, three permanent shows hold frequently in the places with large potential customers, such as Las Vegas. Or lando and Disney World. The way of choosing the locations are changed. Obviously, the combination of these tourist cities and the fantastic shows is a creative idea to attract plenty of audience. Therefore, we can see the form Exhibit 1 that the major circus revenues increased rapidly to catch up with Feld Entertainment from 1993 to 2000. The most importantly, Soleil follows the different strategic logic called value innovation. It is the cornerstone of the blue ocean strategy since it break the value-cost trade-off. The definition for it is the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost, creating a leap in value for both buyers and the company (Blue Ocean Strategy, 2013). In this case, Soleil pursue the differentiation and lift buyer value by reinvent the industry and create many new factors as I mentioned in question 3. In addition, it eliminated animal acts and star performers to reduce the cost. Unlike the Irving Feld who expends a lot to add trill and danger, Soleil r educed these to save money for company. In conclusion, Cirque de Soleil realized if it wants to be succeed, it must stop compete with each other and to create a new market. According to the four action framework, the company find out the specific changes it should take. By breaking the market boundaries of circus and theater and reconstruct all the elements, Soleil achieved both differentiation and low cost or rather value innovation. It breaks the value-cost trade-off and create new best-practice rules under the blue ocean strategy. In general, it is not circus. It is Soleil. Reference Blue Ocean Strategy (2013). Value innovation. http://www.blueoceanstrategy.com/concepts/bos-tools/value-innovation/ Williamson,M. (2000) Even a Clown Can Do It: Cirque du Soleil Recreates Live Entertainment.

Brave New World Essay - 992 Words

AP English Cody Sabo Question 3 9/11/11 Aldous Huxley wisely inserts many instances of distortion to the elements in Brave New World to successfully caution the world about its growing interest in technology. Brave New World takes place in a futuristic society that has a date system entirely based off Henry Ford. Huxley intentionally distorted the setting of Brave New World so distance was created between his audience and the reader. This distance allows the reader to cast judgment upon the society without instantly realizing that he is actually judging himself. Had Huxley not painted a futuristic society, he wouldn’t have been able to get away with as much criticism because it would be a direct insult to the reader.†¦show more content†¦At the very beginning of the novel sex is shown to play an important role in the new society because kids are playing sex games in bushes. This should immediately evoke a sense of bewilderment by the reader because sex amongst children is looked down upon by normal society . Throughout the entire novel sex occurs quite often, but love is never correlated with the intimacy. The characters simply choose who they want to be with and then act upon the person without putting forth much effort at all. Having sex with others and not loving the person is something that is normally looked down upon in normal society, so Huxley obviously intended to have a large impact on the readers. To further his exploitation of taboo subjects, Huxley makes the New World a society in which drugs known as Soma are used to fix any problem that may occur. Whenever something that seems like it might be the least bit problematic arises, Soma is taken to ease them of any tension. This eliminates any problem solving and rids of the overall satisfaction from overcoming difficulties. But problems seldom occur to inhabitants of the New World, and Huxley wanted to make drugs commonplace in Brave New World. So, Soma is also taken during most instances of sex which increases the drastic impact on the reader. All of Huxley’s exaggerations of the New World is meant to make the reader think about his own society and think about the pathShow MoreRelatedA Brave New World? Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesA Brave New World? In the novel, Brave New World, by Adolous Huxley we are introduced to a world where an all-powerful government dictates the occupation, intelligence, morals, and values of an individual. The government known as the World State controls the entire process of a human, from life to death. The society is based almost solely on an consumer foundation, where making money is the sole goal of the government. Although the society is radical in its nature there are certain aspects ofRead More Brave New World Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesBrave New World Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is a fictitious story about a future utopian society where people are mass-produced in laboratories. People have no emotions in this world where drugs and promiscuous sex are greatly encouraged. People are given labels according to their pre-natal intelligence assignment. These different classes all have specific roles within society and nobody is unhappy with their place. The Brave New World he was a fictitious story that sets upRead MoreBrave New World Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesA smart, scholarly and skillful author named Aldous Huxley once said â€Å"Technological progress has merely provided us with more efficient means for going backwards†. The advancement, improvement and the wrong use of technology has affected the world in a really negative way. When technology first started to improve and become more advanced was during the WW1 and WW2, which caused the most destructive wars in human history. For example the wrong use of technology led the Americans to produce one ofRead MoreEssay on Brave New World696 Words   |  3 PagesBrave New World George Santayana once said, â€Å"Ideal society is a drama enacted exclusively in the imagination.† In life, there is no such thing as a â€Å"complete utopia†, although that is what many people try to achieve. Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is an attempt at a utopian society. In this brave new world, mothers and fathers and family are non-existent. Besides being non-existent, when words of that sort are mentioned, ears are covered and faces of disgust are made. In a report to theRead MoreEssay on Brave New World823 Words   |  4 Pages Imagine a world where all of your fantasies can become reality. Imagine a world without violence or hate, but just youth, beauty, and sex. Imagine a world of perfect â€Å"stability† (42) where â€Å"everyone belongs to everyone else† (43), and no one is unhappy or left out. This sounds like the perfect world. But it’s not. Looks can be deceiving as proven in Aldous Huxley’s novel, Brave New W orld. In his novel, he introduces us to a society that strives to satisfy everyone’s wants and needs by inflictingRead MoreEssay on Brave New World851 Words   |  4 PagesBrave New World It seems clear that most people in the World State are happy and contented. There are no longer problems such as disease, war, poverty, or unemployment in this society. Why then, do Bernard Helmholtz and John criticise the quality of their lives? What is wrong with World State Society? 600 hundred years into the future has advanced the new World State technologically, and perhaps also in the way of life for its citizens. Some might even go so far as to say it is an improvement.Read MoreThe Brave New World Essay859 Words   |  4 PagesThe Brave New World has a lot of complexity and topics that are still relevant in the 21st Century. Throughout the novel one of the themes that caught my attention was how the World State uses social programing to structure their society. The society is being taught not to think about change, follow orders, have a sexual life, and be happy by using soma. Sexuality is all over the book to the point were it got uncomfortable. The following quote explains how Fanny is having a conversation with LeninaRead MoreEssay on Brave New World1797 Words   |  8 PagesBrave New World In the past 100 years, the world has completely turned around. The technological and computer revolutions have completely changed the way the world works. Henry Ford revolutionized factorial production through the creation of the assembly line. It increased efficiency and a basic standard of conformity among products, therefore making the company a lot more successful. The rest of the industry creating a nation-wide revolution based on efficiency adopted this new innovationRead MoreEssay on Brave New World-Allusions1337 Words   |  6 PagesAllusions to the Brave New World 1. Ford Henry Ford (1863-1947) revolutionized the automobile industry with the assembly line method of production, which proved very successful for 15 million Model Ts were sold. Humans were similarly produced in the Brave New World where the embryos passed along a conveyor belt while a worker or machine would have a specific task dealing with the specimen. Again, this assembly line method proved very successful. 2. Lenina Vladmir Lenin (1870-1924) foundedRead MoreEssay on Brave New World528 Words   |  3 Pages Back in the 1930s when Brave New World was published, no body dreamt that world of science fiction would ever come into reality. Surely there must have been a time though when a machine that could wash clothes too, seemed like science fiction. That machine has come into reality though. With todays technology and already seeing how far weve advanced scientifically, whos to say we couldnt push further. For that reason, its believable that the Brave New World could come into reality.

Herbicides Used to Control or Kill Woody Stemmed Plants

The United States Department of Agriculture takes herbicide application practices very seriously. You have to have a state pesticide handlers license to apply many of these chemicals or even to purchase them. I have developed this list of chemicals as a general overview of herbicides used to control of woody stemmed pests. Ways to apply an herbicide are numerous. They can  be applied to foliage or soil, they can be injected into the bark or sprayed on stumps. It all depends on the specific chemical formulation you are using.  Here are some application methods for these chemicals which should be used according to labeling instructions. Woody-stemmed Herbicides and How They are Applied These chemicals are listed by generic name, brand name and application method. Some of these herbicides may now be out of favor or have been added to a restricted list so use this list only as a starting guide. All links are to Cornell Universitys Pesticide Management Education Program. This is not an all-inclusive listing and is intended to give an overall view of available woody stem control chemicals and how they are applied: Amitrole (Amitrol-T) - foliar spray Bromacil (Hyvar) - broadcast treatment 2,4-D (several trade names) - foliar spray Dichlorprop (2,4-DP, Weedone 2,4-DP) - foliar spray Dicamba (Banvel) - cut surface Fosamine (Krenite) - foliage treatment Glyphosate (Roundup) - foliar spray Hexazinone (Velpar) - soil uptake Imazapyr (Arsenal) - foliar, frill, stump treatment Metsulfuron (Escort) - foliar spray Picloram (Tordon) - broadcast, foliar, frill treatment Tebuthiuron (Spike) - broadcast treatment Triclopyr (Garlon) - spray This listing is intended to be used as a general guide only. Before using any herbicide consult the label before using. Remember that labels change frequently and often contain special restrictions reguarding specific use of the chemical. How to Kill a Tree Using HerbicidesHow to Kill a Tree Without ChemicalsList of Approved Tree Control Chemicals

Intellectual Property, Trademark, And Trade Secrets

Intellectual Property refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; library and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce. It is any product of the human intellect that the law protects from unauthorized use by others. It is comprised of four categories: patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secrets. Patent gives the inventor the right to exclude others from making, using, importing, and selling the patented innovation for a certain amount of time. A patent can be granted the inventor if they file an application in a timely manner. Most inventors seek a patent to obtain the actual or potential commercial advantages that go along with the right to exclude others. Copyright protection gives the right to reproduce, distribute, perform, display, and license things such as music, motion pictures, writings, architecture, and other original intellectual expressions. Trademarks are words, phrases, names, slogans, logos, and symbols used by producers to identify their goods and services. As for trade secrets, to determine whether information creates a trade secret, there are six factors that need to be considered: The extent to which the information is known outside the claimant’s business, the extent to which it is known by employees and other involved in the business, the extent of measures taken by the claimant to guard the secrecy of the information, the value of the information to the business and its competitors, the amount of effort orShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Property: The Creation of a Mind1157 Words   |  5 PagesIntellectual property (IP) is defined as the exclusive right which is recognized legally as creation of a mind (Greenhalgh Rogers, 2010). Under the law that guides issues of intellectual property, owners are granted specific exclusive rights to various types of tangible assets such as literary, musical, discovery, and artistic works as well as phrases, inventions, words, designs, and symbols (Gree nhalgh Rogers, 2010). The various types of intellectual property rights which are granted to individualsRead MoreChinese Foreign Trade Relations : Intellectual Property Enforcement Context1164 Words   |  5 PagesImproving Chinese Foreign Trade Relations: Intellectual Property Enforcement Context I. Introduction American businesses are losing up to an estimated $60 billion each year in the global market from intellectual property violations. The problem continues to grow as more American companies invest overseas, and more products consist of intangible or intellectual property. American companies face more than just economic challenges: if losses of intellectual property rights continue to go uncheckedRead MoreIntellectual Property And The Copyright Act Of 19761688 Words   |  7 PagesIntellectual property represents ideas created by minds of humans that require certain rights for their use. Intellectual property gives companies a competitive advantage and attracts the attention of other business partners and investors (Lee, 2016). With such importance, it is necessary for the law to protect these ideas from being used by unauthorized individuals. To shield from this, trade secrets, patents, and copyrights are used to protect the ownership of intellectual property (Legal Information Read MoreIntellectual Property Protection and Enforcement Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesIntellectual property (IP) is defined as property that is developed through an intellectual and creative processes. Intellectual property falls under the category of property known as intangible rights, which includes patents (inventions of processes, machines, manufactures, and compositions of matter), copyrights (original artistic and literary works of), trademarks (commercial symbols), and trade secrets ((product formulas, patterns, designs). Intellectual property rights has a significant valueRead More Intellectual Property Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesIntellectual property are the legal rights (control and ownership) of creations, such as ideas; inventions; designs, etc. for the use in commerce (Bainbridge, 2012). Intellectual law in countries seeks to deter individuals or organizations from copying or capitalizing upon another’s work. The main areas protected by protect intelle ctual property law include: patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret. Intellectual Property can be categorized under the following: Monopoly Right to preventRead MoreThe World Intellectual Property Organization Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesIntellectual property is an asset to an individual or a business. Even though intellectual property is intangible, it is very important to protect it. Protection of intellectual property can be one of the most important business decisions one can make. The World Intellectual Property Organization (n.d.) states intellectual property refers to creations of the mind. This can include inventions but also includes literary and artistic works, as well as symbols, names and images used in commerce. Read MoreThe Case Of Jimmy And His Aunt857 Words   |  4 PagesIn the case of Jimmy and his aunt, the two major legal concerns are the identification and definition of what constitutes intellectual property, and what qualifies as a breach of promise in this particular instance. â€Å"Contracts are agreements that the law will enforce. Contracts are individual, or private, rights and duties created by oral or written agreement and consent of the parties† (Judicial Education Center, Contract law, 2016). Obviously this applies to what Jimmy is claiming in the breachRead MoreEthics And Technology : Controversies, Questions, And Strategies For Ethical Computing773 Words   |  4 PagesControversies, Questions, and Strategies for Ethical C omputing by Herman T. Tavani is about intellectual property disputes. Tavani defines intellectual property as an intangible form of property that is protected by a system of laws through which authors and inventors are given ownership rights over their creative works and inventions. There are four legal frameworks for protecting intellectual property. The first of these is copyright laws. Copyright laws protect authors. An author can alsoRead MoreEssay about Legal and Ethical Leadership in Management1549 Words   |  7 Pagescounterfeit items are being sold, and has requested that Normandale stop selling the imitation product. Normandale has not complied. This paper will discuss if Normandale’s behavior was ethical or not, state or federal laws in relation to intellectual property, and if Mathis has incurred any damages. The paper will also cover social responsibility, implementation of ethical codes, and personal and criminal liabilities. Ethical Behavior Ethics is the study of good and bad behavior; while businessRead MoreEssay Application1718 Words   |  7 PagesMy interest for the Attorney Advisor position with the United States Patent Trademark Office (USPTO) arises from my longstanding commitment to constantly improve myself. I have always enjoyed legal research, writing, and the complexities of intellectual property. I have no doubt that my enthusiasm to research, my eagerness to learn, and my strong ability to communicate clearly, work efficiently, accurately, and quickly, will make me an invaluable asset to the USPTO. I believe these traits combined

Discuss the Various Attitudes to Marriage and Courtship That Jane Austen Presents in ‘Pride and Prejudice’ free essay sample

Discuss the Various Attitudes to Marriage and Courtship that Jane Austen presents in ‘Pride and Prejudice’ In Jane Austen’s book ‘Pride and Prejudice’ she shows various attitudes of marriage and courtship through each character. Some of these attitudes to marriage and courtship are very different to the attitudes of most people today. This book is mainly about marriage so it is very easy and interesting to compare the opinions of marriage from the early nineteenth century to life now. Jane Austen mentions marriage for the first time, in Pride and Prejudice, in the very first sentence: It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. (Chapter 1, page 51) This is possibly the most important quote in the book because it sets the tone for the rest of the novel and it is where we first discover that the book is actually about marriage. Marriage was more of a business arrangement then. For young women it was very important, particularly for the Bennets, that you married a man who was as rich as possible. The amount of money that men had and the lifestyle based on that amount played a very important part in the decision of who to marry. How much love played a part in the equation was a lot smaller than how much the money did. Mrs Bennet, throughout the book, we can see is a very loud, impolite woman. Her character could be described as being a caricature. We first hear of Mr Charles Bingley when Mrs Bennet is telling her husband, Mr Bennet, about him. We don’t learn too much about him other than the fact that he is very wealthy and he is in the area. Mr Bennet asks at this point to Mrs Bennet if he is married or single. She replies: â€Å"Oh! single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls! (Chapter 1, page 51) From what Mrs Bennet says we can instantly see that she is very excited at the news of Mr Bingley being in the area. All that she has heard is that he is wealthy and single and she is already picturing him marrying one of her daughters: â€Å"You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them. † (Chapter 1, page 51) We can see that Mrs Bennet’s main aim is to have her daughters married to rich men because while she is trying to inform Mr Bennet of, in her opinion, great news that Mr Bingley has just arrived into the area, Mr Bennet shows no interest, which agitates her further. Mr. Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such a way? You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion for my poor nerves. † (Chapter 1, page 52) Elizabeth, however, has different views to marriage compared to her mother. Her opinions of marriage are very much like the opinions of most women today. Of course she takes into account how much money she would have as a result of the marriage but having a rich husband is not all she considers in the decision of marriage. For Elizabeth love has to be included with the marriage no matter how wealthy the husband would be. This is why she refuses two marriage proposals from Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy and Mr Collins later in the book, because – although accepting either marriage would financially improve her lifestyle – she does not love either man. Of course later in the book she does change her mind and fall in love with Mr Darcy. She shows this with various changes of her character and opinion of him throughout the book and later accepts Darcy’s second marriage proposal. This book was set to be in the late 18th century at which social gatherings were particularly important. Balls and musical evenings were seen as being the centre of social life. These gatherings were great opportunities to find a partner. Jane Bennet first met Mr Bingley at a ball in Meryton. (They later marry). At the same town ball Elizabeth Bennet first met Mr Darcy too. (They also marry later in the novel). At this point in the novel, however, Elizabeth does not love or even like Mr Darcy. Elizabeth remained with no very cordial feelings towards him. (Chapter 3, page 59) This was quoted just after Elizabeth overheard Mr Darcy and Mr Bingley talking at the ball. Mr Bingley was trying to persuade Mr Darcy to dance with somebody and suggested specifically for him to dance with Elizabeth. He, however, did not think that she was good enough for him: â€Å"She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me;†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chapter 3, page 59) This signifies that Mr Darcy does not appreciate women that are of a much lower class than him. He would rather not marry a poor woman. Unfortunately for him he falls in love with Elizabeth later. During chapter seven Jane Bennet receives a letter from Caroline Bingley inviting Miss Bennet out to lunch. In the late 18th century women were very delicate in comparison to women today. They were delicate in that, for example, if they were in the heat for too long they would feel headachy or faint. Mrs Bennet obviously knew this because, when Jane asked for the carriage, Mrs Bennet deliberately said no: â€Å"No, my dear, you had better go on horseback, because it seems likely to rain; and then you must stay all night. † (Chapter 7, page 77) This quote proves the point that ladies during this time wanted nothing more than to have their daughters married, Mrs Bennet in particular. She is willing to risk her daughter’s health and actually wants her daughter to feel ill so she can stay the night at Mr Bingley’s house rather than just go out for lunch. It shows how far Mrs Bennet is willing to push her daughters into the path of suitable men in order to secure a good marriage. Later in the chapter, when we find out that Jane in fact does have to stay the night due to feeling ill, Elizabeth decides to visit her but intends on walking to Mr Bingley’s house instead of using the carriage. Mrs Bennet claims that it is a foolish idea and will not be fit to be seen when she arrives. Elizabeth replies: I shall be very fit to see Jane – which is all I want. † (Chapter 7, page 78) This quote supports the fact that Elizabeth has no intention of trying to impress the Bingleys or Mr Darcy by the way she looks. The opinions of her are very modern in terms of marriage so she does not really care for what she looks like. Mrs Hurst and Miss Bingl ey both think of Elizabeth as quite disgusting at this point. It brought them great shock when she arrived in her ‘dirty stockings’ (Chapter 7, page 79). When Elizabeth goes to go check on Jane after dinner Mrs Hurst and Miss Bingley can’t help but ‘abuse her’ (Chapter 8, page 81) as soon as she leaves. Mrs Hurst says: â€Å"I shall never forget her appearance this morning. She looked almost wild. † (Chapter 8, page 81) The contrast of opinions of Elizabeth and Mrs Hurst and Miss Bingley again shows how much more modern Elizabeth is compared to every other lady in the novel. We soon meet Mr Collins. Jane Austen has written Mr Collins to have a very exaggerated personality or character of smug pomposity making him, like Mrs Bennet another caricature. During chapter 19 he proposes to Elizabeth: â€Å"†¦I singled you out as the companion of my future life. But before I am run away with by my feelings for this subject, perhaps it will be advisable for me to state reasons for marrying -† (Chapter 19, page 147) Mr Collins continues to speak of why he has chosen to propose. He claims that the church says it is a good idea to get married so he would simply be setting an example for other people. He also claims that it would bring him happiness and that Catherine de Bourgh, his benefactor, wishes for him to be married also. He then goes on to say what would happen when they were to be married. Elizabeth interrupts him: â€Å"You are too hasty, Sir, â€Å" she cried. You forget that I have made no answer. (Chapter 19, page 148) Indeed, Elizabeth is right. Mr Collins has not waited for Elizabeth to even agree to the marriage but is already referring to what he predicts will happen in the future when they supposedly get married. He does this because he expects her to accept the marriage proposal. The idea of Elizabeth rejecting Mr Colli ns’ marriage proposal was alien to him. If Elizabeth was to accept the proposal then she would have a better life financially so in that time there was not a great deal of reason for her to reject the proposal. When she does reject the proposal he doesn’t seem to believe it, declaring: â€Å"†¦it is usual with young ladies to reject the addresses of the man whom they secretly mean to accept, when he first applies for their favour†¦ sometimes the refusal is repeated a second or even a third time. † (Chapter 19, page 148) He clearly thinks that all women initially refuse a proposal so as not to appear too eager or too desperate to get married when in fact that is their intention all along. This is why he goes on to express his confidence that he will eventually lead her to the altar. Elizabeth again declines the proposal but Mr Collins will not have it. He again states his belief of women not wanting to sound too eager by accepting a proposal. Elizabeth again declines the offer before Mr Collins tries to persuade her to marry him. Jane Austen shows by this, how women were expected to accept proposals if it would financially improve their life. Jane Austen also shows how the modernisation of the character Elizabeth affects the other characters such as Mr Collins and his disbelief of her rejection. A few days after this Mr Collins proposes to Charlotte Lucas. For this moment, the meaning of the first sentence of the novel seems defensible. Unlike Elizabeth she accepts the proposal. The views of this between Mrs Bennet, Charlotte Lucas and Elizabeth Bennet are all very different. The prospect of financial security outweighs any romance or love for Mr Collins’ character according to Charlotte Lucas: â€Å"I am not romantic you know. I never was. I ask only a comfortable home;† (Chapter 22, page 165) Charlotte Lucas and her family view the proposal as a triumph. This quote shows how Charlotte Lucas’ opinion of marriage is not modern like Elizabeth’s. Elizabeth views this as disappointing. She thinks that it is ridiculous that Charlotte would marry for such a reason as to financially improve her lifestyle. Mrs Bennet is also disappointed but at Elizabeth. She blames her child for letting such a great opportunity slip through the family’s fingers. When Mr Bennet dies, Mr Collins will own his estate. Now that he is to marry Charlotte Lucas instead of Elizabeth they cannot save it. This thought brings Mrs Bennet more distress. When Kitty and Lydia first ind out they think of it as nothing more than gossip as Mr Collins is ‘only a clergyman’ (Chapter 23, page 168). Darcy’s first proposal to Elizabeth has a vital importance in the novel and could be described as signalling a turning point. Darcy is exceedingly rich and earns ? 10,000 a year. If Darcy were to propose to anyone other than Elizabeth they would probably agree to the marriage due to the large sum of money he receives per year. Elizabeth however rejects him! This truly does show how her opinion is different in comparison to other women in terms of marriage. Elizabeth informs Darcy about her knowledge of Wickham and Jane and Bingley, justifying her reasons to reject his proposal. We can tell that he is shocked at this: His complexion became pale with anger, and the disturbance of his mind was visible in every feature. (Chapter 34, page 222) His anger signifies that he was not expecting rejection. Mr Darcy is described in the book many times as being very proud and snobby. He must find it exceedingly confusing as to why a lady with such a poor background and family would reject his proposal, as he believes that he is quite magnificent. However his loyalty to his friend Mr Bingley allows us to forget the arrogance when he gives Elizabeth a letter the following morning explaining that he did not believe that Jane loved Bingley, and that he thought that if Bingley was to propose to her then he would make a fool of himself. He merely was trying to protect Bingley he claims. When Elizabeth visits Darcy’s estate with the Gardiners to her surprise Darcy is there despite the fact that she had been told he would be out of town until the following day. After a few conversations between them Elizabeth thinks: â€Å"Why is he so altered? From what can it proceed? It cannot be for me, it cannot be for my sake that his manners are thus softened. My reproofs at Hunsford could not work such a change as this. It is impossible that he should still love me. † (Chapter 43, page 276) Elizabeth ponders to herself as to whether Darcy loves her still or not. She is wondering how it is that, after her rudeness when she rejected his proposal, he can appear to be so nice and polite to her and the Gardiners. She considers the fact that he may still love her, as he is more gentlemanly than she has ever seen him to be. This shows how much love he has for Elizabeth. You could also look at it from the point of view that he is fighting for Elizabeth by trying to flatter her. He does in fact propose to her again later in the novel. Lydia is well aware of the attitudes of courtship and marriage but because she is so besotted with Mr Wickham later in the novel she forgets all of the rules and elopes with him. The family are so shocked and disgusted at the behaviour of Lydia (and Wickham). Even Elizabeth who has more modern views on courtship and marriage is worried how Lydia’s misbehaviour will reflect on her family and what its consequences will be for her relationship with Darcy. When she hears of Lydia’s elopement she tells Darcy that she is â€Å"distressed by some dreadful news† (Chapter 46, page 294) and Darcy’s response is to declare that he is â€Å"grieved – shocked. † (Chapter 46, 295). Elizabeth soon observed, and instantly understood it. Her power was sinking; every thing must sink under such a proof of family weakness, such an assurance of the deepest disgrace. (Chapter 46, page 295) This shows how truly embarrassed Elizabeth was. Her views on everything are so modern compared to most ladies and gentlemen in the 18th century however this even shocked her. We find out that Lydia and Wickham agree to get married later in the novel. The reactions of her family are very predictable. Mrs Bennet is so overjoyed that Lydia is getting married at such a young age that she forgets about her disgusting behaviour. Jane hopes they have a happy life together. Elizabeth is happy that they are marrying but is disappointed at Lydia’s behaviour. Mr Bennet is angry at Lydia for putting the family in the situation of having to give the Gardiners money. Lydia is so happy with herself because of her marriage that she is completely taking advantage of it all. She says to Jane: â€Å"Ah! Jane, I take your place now, and you must go lower, because I am a married woman. † (Chapter 51, page 329) Lydia and her mother are very alike in terms of how excited and proud they are to the fact that Lydia is now married. They are both very proud so Lydia in this chapter tries to find any way she can to show off the fact that she is married. When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth the second time, ironically it is all due to the fact that Lady Catherine de Bourgh visited Elizabeth and tried to force them apart. When Lady Catherine told Darcy he was delighted that Elizabeth refused to promise to turn down a proposal from him if he was to make one. Of course Elizabeth accepts the proposal. Darcy and Elizabeth have a joint wedding with Jane and Bingley. To conclude, one of the main features of Jane Austens writing is to carefully set out how young ladies should behave in the late 18th century. In ‘Pride and Prejudice’, by using a heroine such as Elizabeth she gives an alternative and possibly more modern view of behaviour. In this novel, Elizabeth’s views on marriage are particularly modern.